Abstract
This study addresses the resilience of Arab health systems after successive pandemic waves, focusing on financing and governance reform as the two conditions of sustainability. It compares health-financing models in four countries by their capacity to absorb shocks without suspending routine services. It concludes that emergency spending does not compensate for weak governance, and offers readiness indicators that can be measured annually.
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References
- Nima, B. (2025). Health financing and shock absorption. Journal of Health Policy, 6(2), 22–49.
- Al-Otaibi, H. (2024). Health governance after crises. Al-Mashreq Academic Press.
Cite this specimen
Nima, B. (2025). Arab health-system resilience after pandemics: Financing and governance reforms. EISSL.
